CAHOON, Richard S

Abstract: Though similar in many ways to other kinds of license agreements, agri-biotech licenses have some unique elements that require special attention. Considering first the similarities, this chapter looks closely at the typical boilerplate language that all license agreements share and outlines the basic structures and concerns of all such agreements. The chapter then turns to the singularities of agri-biotech licenses, focusing on such issues as multiple property types that often cover a single technology and/or product, freedom to operate issues that drive anti-royalty-stacking provisions, philanthropic- and humanitarian use clauses, and stewardship obligations.

Abstract: A university’s intellectual property (IP) cannot be simply shelved and forgotten. IP, with patents as a particularly cogent example, must be managed, monitored, maintained, and policed in an ongoing “cultivation” of the IP rights. For patents, it is important to be able to identify potential infringement early, by means of coordinated surveillance by the technology transfer office. If, and when, possible patent infringement is detected, it will then be necessary to evaluate the type of infringement, that is, direct or contributory, and also to assess whether the activity legally appears to be infringing, reading on each and every element of a patent claim. Strategic and business considerations must be considered as the university decides what course of action might be appropriate in response to an alleged infringement of a patent. Specifically, in the context of litigation, the university must consider whom to sue (if there are multiple infringers), when to sue (if too late, could risk loss of IP rights), and where to bring suit (for a favorable venue). An even more critical consideration is whether to even litigate at all. It may be wiser to seek one of various forms of alternate dispute resolution, for example, negotiation, mediation, or arbitration. It is important to never forget that litigation is expensive, risky, and unpredictable. Hence, it should be viewed as not the first option, but as the final one, and it should be approached as a cold business decision and not to give teeth to emotions or carry out revenge. Throughout the process of managing and policing its IP rights, a university should have access to legal counsel. Finally, proactive, good license hygiene is the best way to proceed, and the most effective way to avoid expensive litigation. By demonstrating credibility, conviction, and focus, the university will show potential infringers that it is serious about policing its IP, and that they therefore won’t be able to escape the university’s diligent surveillance. Licensing, and not infringement, will then become the only sensible route to accessing the patent rights.